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DataThe data category covers attacks on how information is represented and transformed, from character encodings and binary formats to ciphers and reversible transforms, independent of the application that carries it.HardwareThe hardware category organizes attacks by the layer of the physical computing stack they target, from silicon and board up through firmware, platform, and architecture.MethodologyThe methodology category covers the process of an offensive engagement rather than individual techniques, split by phase: preparation, operational execution, and closure.NetworkThe network category covers offensive work against network protocols and infrastructure, split by medium into wired and wireless because access and tooling differ fundamentally between them.PhysicalThe physical category covers attacks that defeat the barriers and controls protecting a facility, split by the type of control being bypassed, from locks and access control to surveillance and the human element.SoftwareThe software category covers attacks on code and the systems that run it, split between the applications that implement behavior and the operating systems that host them.2